The beginning

The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, which is responsible for staging the world's leading tennis tournament, is a private club founded in 1868 as The All England Croquet Club. Its first ground was situated off Worple Road, Wimbledon.

In 1875 lawn tennis — a game introduced by major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier and originally called 'Sphairistike' — was added to the activities of the club.

In the spring of 1877 the Club was re-titled The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club and signalled its change of name by instituting the first Lawn Tennis Championship. A new code of laws, hitherto administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the meeting. These have stood the test of time and today's rules are similar except for details such as the height of the net and posts and the distance of the service line from the net.

The only event held in 1877 was the Gentlemen's Singles which was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, from a field of 22. About 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final.

The lawns at the ground were arranged in such a way that the principal court was situated in the middle with the others arranged around it, hence the title 'Centre Court', which was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to its present site in Church Road.

By 1882, activity at the Club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word croquet was dropped from the title. However, for sentimental reasons, it was restored in 1899 and since then the title has remained The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club.

Enter the ladies

In 1884 the Ladies' Singles was inaugurated, and from a field of 13 players Maud Watson became the champion. That same year, the Gentlemen's Doubles was started. The trophy had been donated to the Club by the Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club upon cessation of their doubles championship, played from 1879 to 1883.

As the popularity of Wimbledon increased,
the facilities for spectators were suitably improved as permanent stands gradually took the place of temporary accommodation.

In the mid-1880s crowds flocked to see the prowess of British twins Ernest and William Renshaw, who separately and as doubles partners, won 13 titles between 1881 and 1889. The boom in popularity of the game in this period became known as the 'Renshaw Rush'.

For a period in the nineties public affection for Wimbledon waned, but in 1897 the legendary Doherty brothers, Laurie and Reggie, began their ten-year rule of the courts and soon capacity crowds returned.

Overseas champions

By the turn of the century Wimbledon had assumed an international character, and in 1905 May Sutton of the United States became the first champion from overseas when she won the Ladies' Singles. She repeated her success in 1907, the year Norman Brookes of Australia became the first Gentlemen's Singles champion from overseas.

Since that year, only two men from Great Britain, Arthur Gore and Fred Perry, have won the Singles title while five British Ladies' — Kitty McKane Godfree, Dorothy Round, Angela Mortimer, Ann Jones and Virginia Wade — have been crowned Singles' champion.

A New Home

Prior to the First World War the facilities at Worple Road were expanded to meet the ever growing demand of the public and a move to larger premises was planned. This was not achieved until 1922 when the present ground in Church Road was opened by King George V. The foresight of building a Centre Court designed to hold 14,000 people did more to popularise the game worldwide than anything that has happened to date.

The new ground, which many thought would turn out to be a white elephant, was financed partly from the accumulated reserves of the Club and partly by the issue of Debentures.

Misgivings about the future popularity of The Championships were soon dispelled and applications for tickets in the first year so greate they had to be issued by a ballot, a system that has been maintained for every Championship since.

The move to Church Road coincided with a break in tradition, whereby the Challenge Round was abolished in favour of the holder playing through each round.

Wimbledon thrives

The Twenties at Wimbledon were very much a Gallic affair. Each year one player from France took home the singles title. Suzanne Lenglen won the Ladies Singles' from 1919 to 1923 plus the 1925 competition. While the the famous Four Musketeers of Jean Borota, Jacques Brugnon, Henri Cochet and Rene Lacoste shared the Men's Singles from 1924 till 1929.

Wimbledon continued to thrive in the Thirties. It started in 1930 when Bill Tilden returned at the age of 38 to gain his third crown. The following year Cilly Assem registered Germany's first win in the Ladies' Singles. By 1932 the tournament registered more than 200,000 spectators for the first time.

The years from 1934 to 1937 were a golden era for British tennis when a total of 11 titles were captured, including three singles in succession by Fred Perry and two by Dorothy Round. Over the same period, Great Britain successfully defended the Davis Cup three times in Challenge Rounds staged on the Centre Court. The years just prior to the Second World War belonged to the United States, in particular Donald Budge, who won the Singles, Doubles and Mixed Doubles in 1937 and 1938. Helen Wills Moody captured the Ladies' Singles for the eighth time. Alice Marble brought a new dimension to ladies' tennis with her serve and volley game.

Wartime Wimbledon

During World War II the Club remained open despite a severe curtailment of staff. The premises were used for a variety of civil defence and military functions such as fire and ambulance services, Home Guard and a decontamination unit. Troops stationed within the vicinity were allowed to use the main concourse for drilling. Another familiar sight around the ground was a small farmyard consisting of pigs, hens, geese, rabbits, etc. In October 1940 a 'stick' of five 500lb bombs struck Centre Court, resulting in the loss of 1,200 seats.

With the war in Europe over, signs of normality began to return to Wimbledon during June and July 1945 when a series of matches between Allied servicemen took place on the old No. 1 Court, which had escaped enemy action. During August the final stages of the United States European Championships were played and Charles Hare, an Englishman serving in the US Army, was crowned champion.

Play resumed

Early in 1946 the decision was taken to resume The Championships that summer. The monumental task of organising the meeting in such a short a time was entrusted to Lt. Col. Duncan Macaulay, the newly appointed Secretary. With unlimited enthusiasm he overcame a multitude of problems created by the rationing of almost every commodity, available only by licence, permit or coupon. Much of the war damage was cleared and repairs carried out in an attempt to get the ground back to normal — a situation not achieved until 1949 when building restrictions were eased.

The Post-war period

The American dominance of Wimbledon continued well into the Fifties. Outstanding among an array of Champions were Jack Kramer, Ted Schroeder, Tony Trabert, Louise Brough, Maureen Connolly and the late Althea Gibson, the first black winner.

From 1956 until the early 1970s, the Gentlemen's Singles was virtually the property of Australia through Lew Hoad, Neale Fraser, Rod Laver, Roy Emerson and John Newcombe. The sequence of American wins in the Ladies' Singles was not broken until 1959 when Maria Bueno of Brazil triumphed. In the 1960s, Margaret Smith became the first Australian to win the event, while Angela Mortimer and Ann Jones revived British interest.

Open tennis

The expansion of air travel in the 1950s meant more and more overseas players were competing at Wimbledon and other tournaments throughout the world. Tennis as a sport was still largely amateur, professional players were banned from competing in the Grand Slams. This era was marked by an epidemic of what had become known as 'shamateurism' — the receiving of financial assistance in excess of amounts permitted by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), the authority in charge of the rules of lawn tennis and the governing body of the game worldwide.

The need for reform was evident. The initiative came from Wimbledon chairman Herman David, who in late 1959 put forward a proposal to the Lawn Tennis Association that The Championships be made open to all players. The following July the ITF rejected this move and several years followed in which argument persisted at all levels of the game. In 1964 the Club tried to persuade the LTA unilaterally to declare The Championships 'open' but support was not forthcoming.

In August 1967 an invitation tournament (sponsored by the BBC to mark the introduction of colour television) was held on the Centre Court with eight players taking part — all of them professionals. Most of these players had won honours at Wimbledon in their amateur days but had forfeited the right to play there on turning professional.

In December that year the Annual Meeting of the LTA voted overwhelmingly to admit players of all categories to Wimbledon and other tournaments in Britain. Faced with a fait accompli the ITF yielded and allowed each nation to determine its own legislation regarding amateur and professional players. In 1968, Rod Laver and Billie Jean King became the first Wimbledon Open Champions. The total prize money that year was £26,150.

The boycott

1973 was a sad year for Wimbledon when 81 members of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) boycotted the meeting following the suspension earlier in the year of Nikki Pilic by the Yugoslavian Lawn Tennis Association. Despite the absence of so many players, attendance reached more than 300,000. Jan Kodes of Czechoslovakia and Billie Jean King won the Singles Championships for the sixth time.

Borg to Federer

Over the last 20 years the courts of the All England Club have been graced by some of the sport's greatest and most exciting players. In 1980 Bjorn Borg of Sweden became the first player to win the Gentlemen's Singles five times in succession since the 1880s. In 1985, Boris Becker became the youngest player, the first unseeded player and the first German to win the Gentlemen's Singles. In 1987 Martina Navratilova of the United States became the first player to win the Ladies' Singles six times in succession and in 1990 attained the all-time record of nine victories in the event. Pete Sampras of the United States registered his seventh win in 2000. In 2001, Goran Ivanisevic became the first wildcard to win the Gentlemen's Singles. In 2007 Roger Federer equalled Borg's record of consecutive victories.

Anniversary celebrations

In 1977, The Championships celebrated their centenary. On the opening day forty-one out of fifty-two surviving singles champions paraded on the Centre Court and each received a silver commemorative medal from HRH The Duke of Kent, the President of the Club, to mark the occasion. On the second Friday, The Championships were honoured by the presence of HM The Queen, who presented the Ladies' Singles trophy to Virginia Wade on the Centre Court, together with a special trophy to mark Her Majesty's Silver Jubilee. As part of the celebrations, the Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum and the Kenneth Ritchie Library were opened.

The centenary of the Ladies' Singles Championship was celebrated in 1984. The highlight of The Championships was the parade on the Centre Court of 17 out of 20 surviving champions, who each received a unique piece of Waterford Crystal from HRH The Duke of Kent.

The 100th Championships in 1986 were celebrated in a variety of ways, including a special Dinner Party for those who had made significant contributions over the years, and the formation of the Last 8 Club. 1993 marked the 100th Ladies' Championships and the occasion was suitably commemorated.

The occasion of the Millennium was celebrated on the first Saturday when 64 Singles Champions, Doubles Champions four or more times, and singles finalists at least twice, paraded on Centre Court.

The ever-changing scene

Over the years the Club has constantly been aware of the need to provide facilities and ground improvements compatible with the pace and demand of modern day sport. Seldom has a year gone by without alteration to the ground or some organisational change taking place. In recent years the momentum has increased and major works programmes have provided improved facilities for the players, spectators, officials and media.

In 1979 the roof of the Centre Court was raised one metre to provide room for another 1,088 seats. The same year a new Debenture Holders' Lounge was constructed on the north side of the Centre Court. In 1980 the Members' Enclosure was made into a permanent building. The following year the old No. 1 Court complex was rebuilt and enlargements to the North and South Stands increased the capacity of the court by 1,250.

Aoragni (Cloud in the sky) Park was brought into the perimeter of the Club's grounds in 1982 to give more room during The Championships.

The East Side Building of the Centre Court was opened in 1985. This vast operation provided more than 800 extra seats and additional media commentary boxes, new accommodation for the administration staff, a redesigned museum and an improved Tea Lawn. In 1986 a new two-storey pavilion in Aorangi was constructed.

In 1991 the Centre Court North Building was extended northwards to provide greater accommodation for the Debenture Holders' Lounge, Museum offices, stores and Library and Club facilities.

A mammoth operation in 1992 replaced the Centre Court roof by a new structure, supported by four pillars, instead of 26. 3,601 seats were given a perfect, instead of restricted, view.

Wimbledon in the 21st Century

Wimbledon is acknowledge to be the premier tennis tournament in the world. The priority of The All England Lawn Tennis Club, which hosts The Championships, is to maintain its leadership into the Twenty-first Century. To that end a Long-term Plan was unveiled in 1993 which will improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours.

Stage one of the Plan was completed for the 1997 Championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court in Aorangi Park, a Broadcast Centre, two extra grass courts and a tunnel under the hill linking Church Road and Somerset Road.

Stage two involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex to make way for the new Millennium Building, providing extensive facilities for the players, press, officials and Members, and the extension of the West Stand of the Centre Court with 728 extra seats.

Stage three continues. The construction of a new Championships entrance building, housing Club staff, museum, bank and ticket office at Gate 3 has left the Centre Court east side empty and will allow development to provide better facitilies for the public, increase the seating capacity from 13,800 to 15,000 and erect a retractable roof.